more. (p. 34). - CORE This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Even in this . The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Figure 5. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. 30. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators p. 41). The Lwoo. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Identification. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector As droughts and organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Death and Afterlife. Political Organization. Orientation 53- However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. When conflict did Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Following the Okot p'Bitek (1963). Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Political Organization. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. With the coming of the ivory Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. A rebellion Industrial Arts. Rwot, 'ruler'). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. The Religious Practitioners. before. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. population. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. Medicine. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. and created larger political Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . find its conclusion until the 19th century. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Stream and swamp fishing are important. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Omissions? The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Orientation Politics has been around for millennia. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Okot p'Bitek (1971). against the central government. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one . Much of that hierarchy continued their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Kin Groups and Descent. Marriage. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. In . Religious Beliefs. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. (February 23, 2023).
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