[4] Over the tenure of the base it was home to an aerial gunnery range, a fighter-interceptor training base and later home to the 379th Bomb Wing as a member of the Strategic Air Command.[4]. The Air Force's decline to commit to Michigan's standards is among a litany of frustrations Oscoda residents say they have . I was stationed there 1988-1992. [1] This meant that they could be flying a mission supporting a fighter squadron in Iraq, then be redirected to refuel a bomber squadron over Saudi Arabia, then fly back to Spain to land. There were 10 passengers and six crew members on board. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. to the proper paperwork being completed to allow the missions to continue. [3], [1] Dave Norton, Former United States Air Force Captain, interviewed on 23 OCT 2017, [2] Ap. This judgement flies in the face provided by the federal ATSDR and the National Institute of Health. This is heinous, and my heart goes out to so many. 2 talking about this. (Superstorm) Sandy came along (in October) and moved things around, David Losinski said. I served at Wursmith AFB from 1982 to 1989, living in base housing the entire time and drinking the water. [1] On the first Wednesday the, fresh flight crew would relive the current flight crew in the bunkers. The gunnery range was tasked with training pilots from, Selfridge air base in the challenging maneuvers required to land a DeHavilland, biplane on the frozen lake Van Etten for the young Army Air Corps. The Air Force says, Any aircraft before 1961, weve abandoned it.. [THE FLINT JOURNAL VIA AP] The base was put into a standby status to be there just in case something happened in those areas. Now that the contamination has reached the Au Sable river, it could potentially carry this contamination into Lake Huron. Wurtsmith earned recognition during the war as the leader of the group of pilots using P-40 and P-38 fighter . As long as these assignments were under 180 days they were considered Temporary Duty Assignments. [4] On August 1st 1958 the 4026th Strategic Wing was formed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base. These high levels of PFOA elevate the risks of kidney cancer, mesothelioma, and diabetes. WAFB closed in 1993 and is gradually being turned over to the Oscoda Airport Authority for reuse as an industrial park and airfield (EPA 2012). These levels were published by the Enviromental Protection Agency (Mlive.com). Aircraft upper wing, left lower wing, rudder and propeller damaged. It was also possible for these missions to originate in the United States. [4] On August 1st 1958 the 4026th Strategic Wing was formed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base. 70-77 lived on base housing with family, flight line assistant supervisor. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. To gain a measure of the extremely high levels of contaminated drinking water, according to the ATSDR, TCE levels in a well at the corner of Arrow Street and N. Skeel Avenue were as high as 5,173 parts-per-billion (ppb) during 1977, 1978, & 1979 tests, which is more than 1,000 times the EPA's current limit of 5-ppb for TCE in drinking water. Its poor high-altitude performance was a result of a critical decision to remove the turbo-supercharger. This man later took the proposal to build a gunnery range to the people of Oscoda. August 8, 2018. While the vast majority of personnel on Wurtsmith AirForce Base were not part of a flight crew rotating through ready alert, theirrespective jobs all served to ensure those planes could take off at a momentsnotice. [1] Mr. Norton, arrived fresh from navigation school as a 2nd Lieutenant at Wurtsmith Air Force, Base in the fall of 1985. [5] While the 379th, Bomb Wing was stationed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base they were part of the Ready, Alert Nuclear Strike Force. Veteran Compensation Programs (veteranprograms.com) assumes NO liability, and expressly disclaims any and all responsibility, for the content of all posts, surveys, topics, comments, blogs or responses. They raised $600 to clear the land, which at the time was plenty for this job. Because the Committee on Toxicology (NRC, 1979) concluded that it could not determine a level of exposure to chlordane below which there would be no biologic effect under conditions of prolonged exposure of families in military housing. The pesticide levels and CERCLA 120(h) Deed Restrictions are public information and readily available. [1] On the first Wednesday thefresh flight crew would relive the current flight crew in the bunkers. [1] This tight knit community was not confined to just the Air Force Base, but extended into the community as well. [2] The flight crashed at 2:20PM while returning from K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base in the Upper Peninsula. The ROAM system ensures that aircraft are serviced . [1] This would result in a large amount of paperwork and extra expenses for the Air Force. Wurtsmith Air Force base was one of five, northern tier bases in the Strategic Air Commands arsenal. On National Vietnam War Veterans Day, we recognize the many men and women who served and fought during the difficult conflict, giving them the appreciation they deserve. The Wurtsmith Air Force Base, created in 1923, played a large role in WWII. There were four planes, and I was watching them from our front window, as I usually do when theyre engaged in gunnery practice. [1] This includes on base housing, a daycare center for children, a doctors office, a fully equipped gym, and a store where basic necessities were available, military police, office space, and everything necessary to ensure the planes are fully functioning and ready to fly missions. It is primarily a large jet airplane salvage, jet engine maintenance and light general aviation . Mr. Norton remarked that they were flying the wings off of the planes. [1] The KC-135s had many more opportunities to travel because they would fly in support of any craft capable of refueling in flight. Mr. Norton experienced this first hand while being station at Wurtsmith Air Force Base when he had his Squadron Commander help him hang drywall in his house. Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport became a public airport in 1993. The Au Sable River is an attraction for families all around Michigan. From humble beginnings in the 1920's as a aircraft gunnery range, to its status as a vital member of our strategic defense, Wurtsmith Air Force Base has distinguished itself as an important part of our country's military history. Within a few days, a mere 28 Airmen established housing for over 400 personnel, replete with . The Wurtsmith base closed in 1991, sending the Harrises to Plattsburgh, N.Y., where friends and neighbors remembered the boys as Scouts and Little Leaguers, and their parents as being involved in . [3], www.nytimes.com/1988/10/12/us/six-are-killed-in-crash-of-an-air-force-tanker.html, www.wurtsmithairmuseum.org/Wurtsmith_AFB/wurtsmith_afb.html, www.strategic-air-command.com/bases/Wurtsmith_AFB.htm, www.strategic-air-command.com/wings/0379bw.htm, http://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2015/10/11/wurtsmith-air-force-base/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtsmith_Air_Force_Base. While the vast majority of personnel on Wurtsmith Air, Force Base were not part of a flight crew rotating through ready alert, their, respective jobs all served to ensure those planes could take off at a moments, notice. That plane actually crashed April 11, 1944, which was 70 years to the date that the picture was taken, Drew Losinski said. This article is from 2018.. Service ceiling 27,200 feet, and range was 260 miles. According to Robert Delaney, a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality specialist, If you pull the water out of the ground in that training area, it still foams, theres so much in there. Since this entire problem stems from the fact that the foam used to extinguish fires on the base is what carried the toxic chemical, that goes to show just how invasive and problematic this contamination can be. This air field was in dire need of a gunnery range because they being forced out of their gunnery range on Lake St. Clair. It had a commissary, a gas station, a hospital, housing, a bowling alley," said veteran Michael Grogan. Investigation determined a defective tire caused the accident. Engine not damaged. Wurtsmith Air Force Base has been an integral part of the United States Air Force from the 1920's to June 3rd 1993. . This building was like the barracks, but each officer had his own room. The P-6 Hawk (1932-1937) Aircraft was @ Oscoda. The KC-135s would finish one mission and there would be another one waiting for them as soon as they were available. One of the unfortunate risks in flying is a crash. [5] The B-52s did not get to travel nearly as much as the KC-135s. WASHINGTON, DC - U.S. P-6E, serial number 32-156, 17th Pursuit Squadron from Selfridge Field Michigan. Eielson Air Force base, Alaska. Lt. Ennis also thought it would be a great place for young Army Air corps to test aircraft (WAFB.net). U.S. Air Force should abide by state of Michigan's PFAS Standards, state must hold Air Force accountable. For example a KC-135 could take off from Wurtsmith Air Force Base, fly across the Pacific Ocean, land in Spain, have the flight crew be relieved by a fresh crew, fly into theater, complete the mission and return to Spain, where the original crew would be rested and ready to fly the KC-135 back to Wurtsmith Air Force Base. They have been detected in air, water, soils, sediments, and in rain at levels that would be considered unsafe in drinking . [1], The ready alert flight crews were rotated on a three week cycle. The state says, We dont have jurisdiction over that; its the Air Force, Losinski said. The Wurtsmith Air Force Base, created in 1923, played a large role in WWII. This is a very big issue for the people of Oscoda and the surrounding areas for obvious reasons. to share information regarding health issues, and probable chemical exposure via base water sources. The popular legend, supported by interviews and other historical documents, is that Wurtsmith was established as the direct result of a fishing trip by Lt. Ennis Whitehead (later Lt. Gen. Whitehead, commander of the Fifth and Far Eastern Air Forces during and after World War . A sand and gravel aquifer of glacial origin underlies Wurtsmith Air Force Base in northeastern lower Michigan. They are surely exposed to this chemical nearly every day, whether it be playing outside on the playground or from being exposed to the chemicals via drinking the water. I saw a big splash, and then the plane went out of sight.. There were frequently extremely large and loud airplanes taxiing, taking off, and landing in the base. Traci Kroushour, an Oscoda resident until the age of 12, had her uterus removed at the age of 28 and can never have children. After being relieved, the flight crew had until the following Monday morning, off. [1] On May 9th 1961 the first B-52 landed in Wurtsmith Air Force Basesignifying the re-designation to a Strategic Air Command Base. [1] It still haunts me today that we had to do that and were told to just follow orders. [1] On May 9th 1961 the first B-52 landed in Wurtsmith Air Force Base, signifying the re-designation to a Strategic Air Command Base. The B-52 is being serviced under the Strategic Air Command Recovery Oriented Aircraft Maintenance (ROAM) system. The 5,221-acre site is bounded by Van Etten Lake to the north and east . By comparing the concentrations of known fluorosurfactants with the total organofluorine, less than 10% of the fluorosurfactants were identified in half of the samples. http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/06/wurtsmith_veterans_health.html, http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/11/13/deq-we-dont-yet-know-full-extent-wurtsmith-air-base-contamination/93242484/, https://www.publicintegrity.org/2017/08/18/21105/military-bases-contamination-will-affect-water-generations, http://www.wurtsmithairmuseum.org/Wurtsmith_AFB/wurtsmith_afb.html, Military History of the Upper Great Lakes. There were also problems with the complex nose-mounted reduction gear, which caused reliability problems and resulted in fairly low serviceability rates as compared with other fighters. WAFB began operations in 1923, under the name of Camp Skeel, and was officially named the Wurtsmith Air Force Base in 1953. Chanute Air Force base, Illinois. We thought that was kind of unbelievable.. I served at Wurtsmith from 1974-1977 my whole family has suffered from various ongoing ailments. She gave Kelly the rundown of the base. Thisflight crew would spend one week in the bunker and be confined to an undiscloseddistance from the bunker. In fact the only time B-52s would travel was for training missions, or actually delivering ordinance to its target. As seenin the picture of the runways, there is a Christmas tree coming off of thebeginning of the runway with a building next to it. At least thirty French piloted P-47 aircraft accidents were reported at Oscoda AAF during the time period 1944-1945 and resulted in at least four pilots killed. "It was a city within a city. The 1st Combat Evaluation Group (initially "1CEG", later "1CEVG") was a Strategic Air Command (SAC) unit. I remember getting a letter of counseling when I wanted to object as a warning what could happen. Since 1994, the Wurtsmith Air Museum has upheld the mission of preserving the history of the history of Wurtsmith Air Force Base (an integral part of the US Air Force from 1923 until 1993) and aviation in Northeast Michigan. Located in Oscoda, Michigan this base is positioned no more than two miles off the shore of Lake Huron. Six Are Killed in Crash Of an Air Force Tanker. The New York Times, The New York Times, 11 Oct. 1988, www.nytimes.com/1988/10/12/us/six-are-killed-in-crash-of-an-air-force-tanker.html. Because of this KC-135 squadrons would routinely fly 175 day assignments and return to their home base. As an officer Mr. Norton had to sit in on Court-Martials. The Tuskegee Airmen were African-American members of the 332nd Fighter Group and 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Force who fought in Europe during World War II. NPL Status: Proposed Street Address: AFBCA/DB, OSCODA, MI 54961 Congressional District: 01 EPA ID: MI5570024278 Population (within 1 mile): 101-1,000 Contaminant Information. On January 18, 1994 it was listed as a Superfund due to extensive groundwater contamination with heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane . It was renamed Camp Skeel in 1924, for the World War I Pilot Captain Burt E. Skeel, and was used as an aerial gunnery range and for winter maneuvers 1924 through 1944 by the 1st Pursuit . Im using a combination of several source materials to tell the history of the area. Having high amounts of this chemical directly underneath their high school could have serious long-term effects on the kids that attend school as well as the faculty. This is desirable from a strategic standpoint, but for the airmen that served on the bases themselves this meant that they were removed from the vast majority of society. These contaminants are harmful to the environment. Wurtsmith Air Force Base is a decommissioned United States Air Force base in Iosco County, Michigan.It operated from 1923 until decommissioned in 1993. OSCODA, Mich. - Oscoda residents and PFAS activists today held a press conference on the shores of Van Etten Lake to set the record straight on the Air Force's contamination of their community from the former Wurtsmith Air . The married enlisted airmen who lived on base lived in a condo type set up with their family. This gave the Army operations the opportunity to begin creating the base we know today. It is one of the most famous bases located in our state. The former base includes 4,626 acres (1,872ha) located approximately two miles west of Lake Huron in the Charter Township of Oscoda, bordered by Van Ettan Lake, the The human-made chemicals are in your blood, your clothes, your cosmetics. Members of the Tuskegee Airmen, trained at Oscoda for several weeks and stayed on the base. Someone who works in a place that uses these chemicals and is exposed to them can have up to 100 parts per million, or 0.01%, in their blood. Typically, brown-ish water occurs when there is large change in pressure/flow in a distribution system. My symptoms looking back were insidious with weakness and muscle fasciculations. I have also read about the PFAS via fire retardant foam. So now what? These planes arrived at dawn on the first day of the Gulf War. My daughter was born there on base in 1987 she has gastric issues, and was born w heart issues. Paul B. Wurtsmith Air Force Base closed in 1993, dealing a sharp blow to the economy of rural Iosco County. They were stationed at the air base from 1986 to 1993. As seen, in the picture of the runways, there is a Christmas tree coming off of the, beginning of the runway with a building next to it. Mrs. Cecil V. Fowler saw the crash, according to the Times Herald article. Military History of the Upper Great Lakes, Over the 50 years of operation Wurtsmith Air Force Base had many, different missions. It excelled in low-altitude ground support as a well-built and reliable aircraft capable of absorbing quite a bit of battle damage. The P-6 was generally similar to the P-1 in construction and appearance. Contaminated water has been shown to be the main way that humans get exposed to this chemical, which is exactly whats going on in Oscoda. At this time Wurtsmith Air Force Base was still part of the, Strategic Air Commands bomber fleet. If you, a friend, or loved one has been injured or died as a result of the contamination at a DOD Superfund Site please follow the steps that are outlined at Get Help. In 1942, three 5000x150 concrete runways were built. The museum's exhibits are extensive and incredibly high-quality -- including several aircraft that can be examined up . Although in the past the Wurtsmith Air Force Base was extremely successful there are some prevalent issues with it today. The presumptive disabilities from contaminated water at Wurtsmith AFB would lead to automatic compensation to potentially thousands of veterans. [1], These KC-135s were necessary because the B-52 could not take off with both a, full load of ordnance and a full tank of gas.[1]. The site of Wurtsmith Air Force Base is located 2 miles Northwest of Oscoda, Michigan, about 150 miles North of Detroit. This would cause some big problems for the fish and other life that lives beneath the surface. The views and opinions expressed in this website/articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any agency of the U.S. government, We are the men and women of the U.S. Military, Wurtsmith AFB is a Superfund Site. Wurtsmith Air Force base (Oscoda), Michigan; PFAS Water Contamination Map . The base was first named after Capt. My family lived on this base in 1983 to 1987, are we at risk? Because of the economic impact of Wurtsmith Air Force Base the community was generally supportive of the airmen, and the base itself. [5] One crew flew 29mission out of Jeddah, setting the record for most missions flew by a bombercrew in theater. The single enlisted airmen who lived on base were housed in barracks. Bert E. Skeel in 1924. In a nutshell, this is what were trying to do get permission to relocate the parts so they would resemble a plane, David Losinski said. The 379th was reassigned to Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan without personnel or equipment in January 1961, assuming the aircraft, personnel and equipment of the discontinued 4026th Strategic Wing. The intent is to create a self-help registry for those who were harmed by the extremely toxic organochlorine pesticide contamination detected at Military Family Housing. We make no endorsements or recommendations of any VSO, attorney, law firm, claims specialists or organization working with veterans on their service-connected claim(s). Photos of P-47s flown by French Pilots at Oscoda. Many of drums ruptured. The chemicals, notably benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE), were documented at extremely high levels in Wurstmith AFB water many times when the former Strategic Air Command (SAC) base was active and home to B-52 Bomber Wings. The documentary by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Sara Ganim focuses on PFAS contamination at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, Michigan. While these crews were on ready alert they did not have a wholelot to do. At just after 10 pm on the 30 th October, on-duty personnel at Wurtsmith Air Force Base would report seeing a strange object hovering over the . Environmental groups are calling on the Air Force and the State of Michigan to get serious about cleaning up PFAS around the site of the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. https://www.oscairport.com/index.php/available-properties/, https://www.oscairport.com/index.php/development-site/, https://www.afhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/APH-Winter2016.pdf, http://www.armytimes.com/story/news/2014/07/30/divers-find-wreckage-of-world-war-ii-era-plane/13354373/, https://wurtsmithairmuseum.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Air-Refueling-Squadron-_-Real-People-_-George-Schlatter720p.mp4. [1] This includes on base housing, a daycare center for children, a doctor's office, a . A new report compiled by a local group, Need Our Water (NOW) and the National Wildlife Federation . [5] In recent years groundwater contamination has be linked to jet fuel, cleaning agents, and fire suppression agents used at Wurtsmith Air Force Base. These, planes would regularly fly missions from Wurtsmith Air Force Base during the, The 379th Bomb Wing moved to Wurtsmith Air Force Base in June of, 19661. "The Department of Defense is evaluating [cleanup standards], and we take our lead from what the Department of Defense says," said Stephen TerMaath, who leads the Air Force division in charge of Wurtsmith cleanup. From: Members of the ground crew move a maintenance cart into position next to a B-52 Stratofortress aircraft parked on the flight line. [4] Its mission was tomaintain half of the fleet on a 15 minute alert, meaning the plane could be inthe air in 15 minutes, to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet preemptive missilestrike. [1] This meant that there was always at least three, B-52s armed with nuclear bombs, ready to take off at a moments notice. Thanks for sending to you and Pat. In 2016, residents near Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Michigan discovered that the water they drank, bathed in, swam in, and fished in was contaminated with jet fuel, cancer-causing chlorinated . This cycle was from Wednesday to Wednesday. Veteran Compensation Programs. The Losinskis are divers David has been diving since 1977; his son, Drew, since 2002 and both are former members of the St. Clair County Dive Team. I didnt know anything about the Tuskegee Airmen until we got into this.. In fact the only time B-52s would travel was for training missions, or actually delivering ordinance to its target. Air Force Base was essentially a self-contained airport with all of the necessities to support a full community on Base. [5] The 379th Bomb Wing immediately continued the 4026th, During the Pacific conflicts personnel and the KC-135, Stratotankers were deployed to forward bases in the Pacific to support land, operations. Wurtsmith Air Force Base is a decommissioned United States Air Force base in northeastern Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. See: Organochlorine Pesticides Levels at George AFB Family Housing, CERCLA 120(h) Quitclaim Deed Restrictions for the George AFB Family Housing, Organochlorine Pesticide Contamination at George AFB Schools, Terri Crooks won her VA C&P Claim for service connected injury for her exposure to chlordane and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), Frank Vera www.BaseFamilyHousing.Info PO Box 1313 Jamestown, CA, 95327-1313 Phone: 209-782-4541, Copyright 2020 - BaseFamilyHousing.Info. Tests in Michigan near the former Wurtsmith Air Force base have found PFOS in groundwater at levels as high as 42,000 ppt. Dover Air Force base, Delaware. They also were known as the Red Tails because they painted the tails of their aircraft red. This is a short video about the small museum located at the decommissioned Wurtsmith AFB in Oscoda Mi.http://www.rv-project.com While many of the airmen preferred to live on base it was possible for them to buy or rent a house or apartment off post. There are a lot of stories to tell. It has found from testing this area that some places to have over 1000 parts-per-trillion for PFOS and PFOA. [5] While the 379thBomb Wing was stationed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base they were part of the ReadyAlert Nuclear Strike Force. distance from the bunker. Representatives Dan Kildee (MI-05) and Elissa Slotkin (MI-08) today urged the U.S. Air Force to take more significant steps to address PFAS contamination around the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base near Oscoda. Their water table has been contaminated with high levels of PFOA because of the leakage of chemicals from Wurtsmith Air Force Base. [1] Mr. Norton also landedthe first KC-135 in operation Southern Watch. If a banker had not taken Lt. Whitehead on a fishing trip there would not have been an Air Force Base in Oscoda Michigan. There is a lot of open runways still today that can be rented out for a multitude of events. Learn how your comment data is processed. Cindi developed hypertension and Lawrence diagnosed with lung disease. [2] The flight crashed at 2:20PM while returning from K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base in the Upper Peninsula. Dallas Naval base, Texas. Two years after release I started to experience very visible loss of musculature and strength. Wurtsmith AirForce Base was constructed with a runway layout specifically for this. The water table is about 10 feet below land surface in the western part of the Base and about 25 feet below land surface in the eastern part. VA counselor "don't waste your time". If you are interested in any particular aircraft of time period please let me know. U.S. Robert Krouse, 12/31/19Stationed at Wurtsmith AFB from 1978 to 1980 and lived in barracks. DISCLAIMER: Information displayed on U.S. Deliveries of the first P-6s were late, the first example not appearing until October 1929. These mission were into Iraq. At the time, George was a hub of F-4 Phantom fighter jets and OV-10 Bronco reconnaissance planes. [6] The 379th Bomb Wing wasdisbanded on June 30th 1993. The armament of the P-1 was a pair of 0.30 cal machine guns mounted in the upper fuselage decking inside the V-cylinder blocks and synchronized to fire through the propeller arc. For example a KC-135 could take off from Wurtsmith Air Force Base, fly across the Pacific Ocean, land in Spain, have the flight crew be relieved by a fresh crew, fly into theater, complete the mission and return to Spain, where the original crew would be rested and ready to fly the KC-135 back to Wurtsmith Air Force Base. Off Base Housing. High blood serum levels of PFOA are associated with infertility, decreased semen quality, and a higher risk of thyroid disease. Report also stated that the Oscoda Michigan gunnery field was very rough and sandy and notoriously hard on wheels, landing gears etc. More than 40 private businesses and public agencies use the former Air Force facilities and infrastructure, providing more than 1,300 jobs to the area, as well as the conversion of former base housing to 700 privately owned residential homes. 1946. After one week in the bunker on ready alert the flight crew would be relieved. PORT HURON, Mich. David and Drew Losinski are struck by the coincidence. Moodys body was not recovered until it washed ashore in Port Huron on June 4, 1944 two days before D-Day and the invasion of Normandy. I do hope there is information on Wurtsmith AFB soon. [4] In the later, years of World War II Wurtsmith Air Force Base was used as a fighter-interceptor training base and housed the 332d fighter group, which was part of the famous Tuskegee Airmen. Because of the restriction of being close to the Christmas tree theyresorted to playing cards, working out, reading, and sleeping while they werenot conducting recurrent training to stay up to date and proficient on theirequipment. Theyre looking for other divers who can assist with the effort. These mission were into Iraq. Lee N. 2023 Aspyre Media Group, LLC. The P-47D, in general service by the spring of 1944, had a maximum speed of 440 miles (700 km) per hour and a ceiling of 40,000 feet (12,200 meters). [1], The northern tier Strategic Air Command Ready Alert Strike Force bases were considered less than desirable duty stations for one main reason.
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